This report by the Business & Human Rights Resource Centre in collaboration with the Clean Clothes Campaign and its international network of trade unions and worker rights organizations, examines the role of trade unions and alternative representative structures across six major garment-producing countries in South and Southeast Asia: Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. It reveals how brands and their suppliers are relying on ineffective representation structures as an alternative to union engagement – undermining freedom of association and collective bargaining, depleting trade unions’ ability to build their membership and represent workers, and creating a vicious cycle of poor working conditions in the sector.